The Application Of Expert Systems Essay - 1962 Words

Abstract Expert systems are computer systems that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert and make it easier to solve complex reasoning problems using the vast knowledge resources that are available to them. The application of expert systems has on the whole been quite successful in applying artificial intelligence and reasoning to technical and technological fields such as medical diagnostics, remote mission control, system behavior monitoring, pattern recognition and several others. However, as modern technology has progressed and artificial intelligence has evolved, the use of the term â€Å"expert system† has decreased, as has the application of standalone artificial intelligence systems, and integrated business applications suites that use expert system frameworks behind the scenes have gained traction. This paper discusses the types of expert systems and their role in integrating with decision support systems to provide efficient managerial support tools. Furthermo re, this paper will touch upon the evolution of such executive support systems and their changing nature in the face of modern processes and technologies now collectively known as business intelligence. 1 Introduction Over the course of technological progress through the years, human endeavors have oftentimes been directed toward the development of artificial intelligence. By definition, artificial â€Å"intelligence† is the ability for an artificial – man-made – agent to intelligently use learned orShow MoreRelatedRelying on Agriculture Specialists and Advisors1260 Words   |  5 Pagesthe farmer, agricultural specialists do not always help. In order to solve this problem, the expert system of agriculture has been identified as a powerful tool with extensive capacity. Sample expert system in Agriculture Aid expert system This expert system is helping the farmers to make decisions. The expert systems are having well planning for before start to do anything on their land. This expert system can select most suitable crop, Diagnosis or identification of the livestock disorder. MaintainRead MoreCMGT556 Week 1 Individual Assigment Essay754 Words   |  4 Pagesrecognizable AI application is robotics from Hollywood cinema, and includes films such as; I Robot, Transformers, Wall-e, WarGames, A.I., The Terminator, Robocop, Iron Man, and Star Wars to name a few, which is fictional not an actual representation of AI. Robotics applications is only one of three aspects of AI, which also includes Cognitive Science applications, and Natural Interface applications, however, the area businesses are finding the most useful is the Cognitive Science applications (MurugavelRead More Knowledge Based Expert System in Transportation Engineering and Traffic Adaptive Signal Control System1489 Words   |  6 PagesKnowled ge Based Expert System in Transportation Engineering and Traffic Adaptive Signal Control System I. Abstract Advances in computer technologies have been changing transportation field. Based on those, Intelligent Transportation System has been proposed and being developed for the next generation transportation system. This system requires more utilization of Artificial Intelligence, such as Knowledge Based Expert System, than current one. Although Knowledge Based Expert System has not beenRead MoreApplication For Xpertrule And Ethical Issues1155 Words   |  5 PagesWork Related Application for XpertRule and Ethical Issues The range of applications for XpertRule system to manufacturing, marketing, and sales is so wide. The system is wide ranging as helping a banker in making financial decisions to helping university advisors and university students to plan and schedule appointments. For example, in a financial service industry, XpertRule system can be used by bankers as an advisory system to help make decisions on whether to make a loan available to individualsRead MoreEssay on Artificial Intelligence and its Uses819 Words   |  4 Pagesnetworks, fuzzy logic, and expert systems. There are very few applications that are pre-written using AI. Each company has to write its own software for the solution to the problem. An easier way around this problem is to make an add-on. The company FuziWare makes several programs that help out larger applications. FuziCalc, FuziQuote, FuziCell, FuziChoice, and FuziCost are all products that are used as management decision support systems for other off-the-shelf applications. A neural networkRead MoreInformation system has become as universal in our daily business activities as human resource800 Words   |  4 PagesInformation system has become as universal in our daily business activities as human resource management, marketing, finance or any other major business functions. Information system play vital role to provide management with control over their data and to operate successful businesses. They make up a significant field of study in business administration and management, and this is the most business imperatives that include in a course in information system. If we want to understand informationRead MoreEssay on An Overview of Artificial Intelligence1748 Words   |  7 PagesComputer Science because before it was usually closely related to computational methods. For only 47 years has this term been around, and only ten of those 47 years have scientific actually dedicated to develop it. So it is acceptable that computer experts have not been able to agree in a definition yet, after all, the concept of intelligence has been around for a couple of decades and psychologist have not completely agreed in it is definition yet. Todays technology is not advanced enoughRead MoreWhen Purchasing It Hardware And Software1622 Words   |  7 Pagesare hardware and software. Hardware is the physical element and the devices that make up a computer system or an IT system (Sarkar, N. 2006). In total there are four main components of hardware and they are; Input via keyboard, Central Processing Unit (Processor), storage devices such as hard drives, and output via screen monitors (Beyon-Davies, 1998). Another component to an Information systems is software. Software is a set of key instructions that enables the end user to interact with the computerRead MoreExpert System Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesExpert systems as a mean of conducting medical diagnosis and recommending successful treatments have been a highly active research field in the past few years. Expert systems can assist medical professionals and other users in providing correct diagnosis and suggesting effective treatments of diseases. In other words, intelligent systems for diagnosing common illnesses can provide easy access to a wealth of information that may help hospitals reduce excessive costs from unnecessary laboratory testRead MoreFunctions Of Mis And Iss Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesInformation System) and ISS (Intelligent Support System) to its current information system. Functions of MIS and ISS Those Management Information Systems will approach, set up, sum up and present information for providing routine decision making in the functional filed. Especially for those managers who work as the middle level of management in the company, Management Information Systems offer them the essential functions by delivering recurrent reports. Typically, the management information systems mostly

How the Mobile Paradigm May Affect the Nature and Limits...

Introduction With the rapid growth of mobile computing, mobile device become a necessary tool in our daily life. Without mobile device our life quality, efficiency will totally decrease. Users just need to connect to network and gather information they want in a few second. Although mobile devices bring us convenient, mobile devices contain large amount of personal data, including emails, photos, contact data, financial, and medical information, privacy issue [1] occur due to users unknowingly expose their privacy through mobile application, camera, network etc. and their use poses a serious threat to both personal and corporate security. It greatly extending the reach of technology and raising concerns that prevailing traditions of privacy may be challenged. In order to examine how the mobile paradigm may affect the nature and limits of privacy, those natures can be carried out though three views: Accessibility Privacy, Decisional Privacy, and Informational Privacy. Accessibility Privacy This aspect of privacy overlaps with informational privacy in cases where acquisition or attempted acquisition of information involves gaining access to an individual [2]. However, it also extends to cases where physical access is at stake. Camera Nowadays, cameras embedded in mobile devices have become so widespread in whole world. As the evolution of camera phone technology, the picture quality has increased while the total size of photo has decreased. Those mobile devices can be usedShow MoreRelatedOn Demand Computing Cloud Computing Essay4265 Words   |  18 Pagesresources provided to the user on demand. Cloud computing is new paradigm that uses dynamically scalable shared resources e.g. networks, servers, storage, applications and services. It provides different cloud services through which resources can be swiftly providing and released with minimum management efforts. In this paper, we aim to pinpoint the types of cloud, services and difference that shows how effective cloud computing from other paradigm (Grid computing, Utility computing and Mainframe). Last,Read MoreThe Social Information Processing Theory Essay2258 Words   |  10 Pagesincreased aversion to in-person communication. Originally based on early compu ter technology, the social information processing theory (SIP), developed by Joseph Walther (Griffin, 2012) in the early 1990’s, derived from relevance from the asynchronous nature of computer mediated communication at the time. As technology has evolved, computers are no longer the only device available for mediated communication. Smartphones, tablets and high-speed cellular technology have expanded the consumer’s optionsRead MoreCloud Computing4628 Words   |  19 Pagesaround the world. In June 2009, a study conducted by VersionOne found that 41% of senior IT professionals actually don t know what cloud computing is and two-thirds of senior finance professionals are confused by the concept[ highlighting the young nature of the technology. In Sept 2009, an Aberdeen Group study found that disciplined companies achieved on average an 18% reduction in their IT budget from cloud computing and a 16% reduction in data center power costs. Cloud Computing Segments Applications:Read MoreCustomer Relationship Management and Customer Loyalty: Successful Marketing Strategies of the Banking Industry in Hong Kong17571 Words   |  70 Pagesrelationship management is applied in almost all progressive organizations. The concepts of CRM are widely applicable and implementable in different industries. The services industries are one of the most applicable industries with requisite of CRM as the nature of business and operations is affected through internet. It is essential to understand the applicability of the CRM concepts as it can also be misunderstood in terms of providing service to customers. A long terms relationship with clients is theRead MoreFactors Influencing the Adoption of Cloud Computing by5336 Words   |  22 Pagesarchitecture focuses on delivering pooled resources instead of management of the infrastructure. * Pooled resources, virtualization, automation and dependable, high-speed network connectivity accomplishes elasticity and dynamism. Cloud providers may provide a self-service model with an as-needed capacity. * Utility model of consumption and allocation is realized allowing more cost efficiencies and controllable and predictive costs. Based on this list, one can view cloud computing as an onRead MoreMarketing and Internet Service Industry Essay example10345 Words   |  42 Pagesfrom Google China. Most analysts concur that Baidu is on track to US$1 Billion in revenue this year. (TechNode, 2009) In short, if you want to talk about The Internet, you need to understand China. And you need to understand Tencent. Do you know how Tencent makes money? Some say the reason for the success of local Chinese companies, and the failures of American entrants, is due to Chinese government protectionism. To some extent that is true, but its certainly not the whole story. This studyRead MoreMarketing and Page Ref14698 Words   |  59 PagesWhich of the following contact methods is generally the LEAST flexible? Mission statements should be realistic and general in nature A ________ is a need that is sufficiently pressing to direct a person to seek satisfaction. Nathan Zabalas owns a regional chain of drug stores. Before expanding nationwide, Nathan is conducting marketing research to determine the best options for opening new stores. He plans to start by collecting secondary data. Which of the following is NOT a source of secondaryRead MoreNsa Capstone Project Essay16270 Words   |  66 Pagesthis is the times at which our employee’s will be working, on regular hours. Overtime will be permitted on this project. Once started installation can begin on every site. This is a preliminary schedule that will give a basic outline of how the work schedule may go. Start Time End Time 8:00 am 5:00 pm Saturday June, 15th–16th, 2013: ï‚ · Installation of up to date and future proof cabling (CAT 6) and outlet fittings ï‚ · Start Time 8:00 am End Time 5:00 pm Finishing of cable andRead MoreNetflix Strategic Management7016 Words   |  29 Pagestechnologies. Netflix’ intention to be usable on every device is the company’s stretch goal. The effort to become primarily a content streaming company is a long-term challenge due to the mentioned content licensing liability that would adversely affect the business if obstructed (SEC Filings, 2013). Regardless of any ambitions, there are difficulties that the company has had to face, forcing Netflix to change their long-term strategy. â€Å"Prior to July 2011, in the (United States) †¦ subscribers couldRead MoreCloud Computing Security67046 Words   |  269 Pagesreserved. You may download, store, display on your computer, view, print, and link to the Cloud Security Alliance Guidance at http://www.cloudsecurityalliance.org/guidance/csaguide.v3.0.pdf subject to the following: (a) the Guidance may be used solely for your personal, informational, non-commercial use; (b) the Guidance may not be modified or altered in any way; (c) the Guidance may not be redistributed; and (d) the trademark, copyright or other notices may not be removed. You may quote portions

None_provided Analysis Essay Example For Students

None_provided Analysis Essay It is difficult for a child to grow up without experiencing some form of gender bias or stereotyping. When in school, many of their ideas and beliefs are reinforced by their friends, teachers, and other adults. For example, when teachers ask their students to form two lines, there is usually one line for boys and the other for girls. When children play, they avoid playing with the opposite sex because they prefer the company of their own kind. The result is a self-imposed segregation between boys and girls. Research has been done on this phenomenon. Many sociologists have been trying to explain gender roles and differences. Some say sex differences are biologically determined and some believe they are socially constructed. Children behave accordingly to their gender roles as early as two or three years old. From preschool on up to middle-school, children live in two separate worlds girls and boys. Inside the classroom, children often chose to sit with others of the same sex. This sep aration is also seen outside of the classroom boys played with other boys and girls with other girls. Barrie Thorne who wrote, Girls and Boys TogetherBut Mostly Apart: Gender Arrangements in Elementary Schools, states that the separate worlds exist as a result of deliberate activity (p. 140). Boys and girls have separate tables where they sit in the lunchroom. If a boy were to sit on one of the girls tables, he would be laughed at or called a girl by other boys. Thorne explains that teachers and aides use gender as a basis for sorting children and organizing activities. They have math and spelling contests where boys compete with girls and sometimes children are lined up separately when walking down the halls. Other studies have distinguished between aspects of stereotypes by separately asking about what is typical in girls and boys versus what would be ideal. For example, Rothbart and Maccoby (1966) assessed parents opinions about differences that actually exist between boys and gi rls and differences that should exist. Similarly, Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) were interested in comparing parents beliefs about sex differences in young children with how desirable certain characteristics are for girls and boys. They reported that the characteristics perceived as being typical of boys and girls were quite different. Typical boy behaviors were being noisy, rough, active, competitive, defying punishment, and enjoying mechanical objects. Typical girl behaviors were helpful, neat and clean, quiet, well-mannered, crying, and being easily frightened. In contrast, parents reported that it was important for both boys and girls to be neat and clean, helpful, to take care of themselves, not to cry, to be competitive, and to be thoughtful and considerate. These results lead Maccoby and Jacklin to speculate that parents may be trying to socialize children of both sexes toward the same goals. In my field research, I observed children in an elementary school in order to understan d how gender roles are formed, especially at an early age. I went to Hollingworth Elementary School in West Covina, California. This is the school I went to during my years in elementary. The school is only a ten-minute walk from my house in Los Angeles. The children I was most interested in studying were from the ages of six through eight first and second graders. I took on the view from a distant position, being a complete observer. I went to the school during their lunch hour, observing the children during their recess time. I only had a notebook and pen in order to write down what I observed. I situated myself on one o the planters located to the side of the blacktop, near the handball courts. Before starting my observation, I went to the principals office to inform them of my research project. They were very accommodating and told me I was able to observe the children from a distance. I did not spend five hours in one day observing the children. Instead, I went to the school du ring the week and observed them about an hour each time. The role I took on as a complete observer did not pose any problems. A few children looked and stared at me, probably wondering what I was doing there, sitting alone on a planter. I was very comfortable where I was and had no problems, aside from the looks. I wondered if my being there caused the children to behave differently but after awhile, the children went on playing their games and did not seem to notice me anymore. There were no significant differences each time I observed the children. The setting was the sameI sat on the same planter with my notebook and pen in hand. Through my observations, I have concluded that children learn to adopt to their gender roles at an early age. Through their many activities, games, and encouragements and discouragements from teachers, children experience the process of gender role socialization. There are always some sort of stereotyping of boys and girls, whether it be the expectation that boys are better than girls in math or the idea that only females can nurture children. The children I observed proved that at an early age, boys and girls unconsciously learn to behave according to their gender roles. Their sense of self is a result of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs to which he or she is exposed. The teachers and aides who were watching the children during recess proved this point. For example, a boy who was playing kickball accidentally ran into another boy when he tried to get to the first base. The other boy then pushed him and the teacher ran out to the field. The teacher handled the boys aggressively, pulling them away from each other and telling them to stand on the blacktop for the rest of their recess. Another instance was with three girls playing jumprope. One of the girls got caught on the rope and then fell down. The teacher rushed to her as the girl started to cry. She handled her with more care and spoke to her with a more comforting voice, unli ke the situation with the boys. While playing their games, boys and girls tend to play with their own gender. I observed one situation where one boy started watching the girls playing on the twirling bars. One of his friends came up to him and said, What are you doing? Thats for girls. Lets go. The boy looked a little embarrassed and quickly left with his friend to play kickball. There were a couple of instances where boys interacted with girls. That was when one boy was chasing two girls. He chased her in the field while the girl started teasing him and chanting, Jason has cooties.Jason has cooties. When recess ended, everyone had to freeze until the teacher blew her whistle for the children to line up to their rooms. In front of each door, the children formed two linesone for the boys and the other for the girls. One teacher encouraged this by reminding them that the boys on the left side and girls on the right. As mentioned before, children learn to act according to their gender roles. They are taught how to behave and how to act amongst their peers. One day, a teacher actually told a boy to stop crying because boys are not supposed to cry. I found this very interesting especially since she did not say the same thing to the girl who fell while playing jumprope. Children are then told how to behave according to their gender role. When observing the whole playground, I noticed that girls played nicely and boys more aggressively. The girls were more courteous when it came to letting others join in their gams. Boys tended to shout at other boys saying, You cant playyoure too lateyou have to wait till were done. From this field research project I have learned that children do learn to behave according to their gender roles. Not only are their ideas and attitudes being shaped and reinforced by their teachers, but their friends as well. Teachers often act differently when interacting with boys than with girls. They are more aggressive towards boys and more comfort ing and closer to the girls. I also noticed that the girls played in areas that were closer to their teachers. The boys played out in the field, away from teachers who could easily discourage them from acting the way they want to act. My field research was comparable to that of Barrie Thornes. In Thornes data, he sometimes found girls and boys playing together in kickball and other group games. When these children defined an activity to be a girl or boys game, whoever crosses the boundary, would risk being teased. This teasing, according to Thorne, is used to police or control gender boundaries. There was not much contrast with his observations compared to mine. In summary, boys take on a more aggressive and rough role than do girls. They are not supposed to cry or show signs of feminine behaviors. Girls are handled more with care and they tend to behave more quietly and nicely than do boys. If I were to continue with this project, I would take it to another level and observe adoles cents. I would then compare both results to see if teens also behave this way. I would want to know if adolescents are influenced to behave according to their gender roles by the friends they hang around with and by their teachers. If I had more time on my hands, I would observe college students as well. In this case I would take on the role of a participant as observer. Sociology Essays .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4 , .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4 .postImageUrl , .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4 , .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4:hover , .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4:visited , .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4:active { border:0!important; } .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4:active , .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4 .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0f6f528ded1c066ea42d8c53549042b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Irrigating Cystoclysis Essay

Marketing environment and buyer behaviour Essay Example

Marketing environment and buyer behaviour Paper The external marketing environment (1 000 words) Choose two environments within the external environment to analyses demographic, socio-cultural, economic, technological, natural, competitive and political and legal (500 words per environment) Provide a definition of each chosen environment and justify in relation to your product (4 marks) Explain how each chosen environment impacts your product, using evidence from your research (business sources) to justify (20 marks) Discuss the opportunities presented for your chosen product in each environment (8 arks) Discuss the threats presented for your chosen product in each environment (8 marks) 1) Political First of all, political factors refer to the stability of the political environment and the attitudes of political parties or movements. This may manifest in government influence on tax policies, or government involvement in trading agreements. Political factors are inevitably entwined with Legal factors such as national employment laws, international trade regulations and restrictions, monopolies and mergers rules, and consumer protection. The difference between Political and Legal factors is that Political refers to attitudes and approaches, whereas Legal factors are those which have become law and regulations. Legal needs to be complied with whereas Political may represent influences, restrictions or opportunities, but they are not mandatory. One of the important aspects that Apple Inc. Just consider is a market and product launching regulations. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing environment and buyer behaviour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing environment and buyer behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing environment and buyer behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In Europe, many residents do not even have a land line phone system, and the mobile phone is the primary and only) phone number. Thus, the political environment is more possessive Of the cellular standards. This is also one of Apples biggest weaknesses. Keep in mind there are different political systems in different countries that must agree on the same cellular standard. The cellular standard must be transparent to a country that is a monarchy as well as a socialist country. The E has made it clear that the political aim of the governments role in cellular standards is to entertain more competition that shares the same standards. One more issue that Apple must confront is the apparent De facto reductionism of Monika and Ericson. These two companies are extremely important to their economy, as Monika has been mentioned as one of Rupees most important companies. The future is pretty safe for those two telecommunications giants, and Apple will be at a disadvantage if it must wrestle with them. There is an argument that with cellular standard conforming to European standards, US companies such as Motorola and Apple may be at a disadvantage in keeping up with Rupees cellular manufacturers. One can argue that this can be supported by the 2. G release of the phone Europe as opposed to the G standard. Apple can argue the European standards are exclusionary and discriminatory as Apple has invested large amounts of money into R standards. At present, mobile devices based on current US technology are now locked out of the E market since the W-CDMA standard has been converted into a requirement. (Wallis- Brown, Von Hellene, et al, 2000) The development of the phone under two different standards is a burden for Apple. The ELI arguably also protects its two telecommunication giants, Monika and Ericson. Apple is not alone in this fight, as Korean manufacturers such as LEG and Samsung face these burdens. Apple also shares this dilemma with Motorola on IIS soil. However, these competitors are established companies that have introduced product since the early adopter phase of mobile technology. Apple is a late entry in mobile phones. The development of the phone must balance the development of the phone to conform to US standards, E standards, and still maintain its uniqueness that the Apple brand has always maintained. 2) Technological The technological environment refers to new technologies, which create new product and market opportunities. Technological developments are the most manageable uncontrollable force faced by marketers. Organizations need to be aware of new technologies in order to turn these advances into opportunities and a competitive edge. Technology has a tremendous effect on life-styles, consumption patterns, and the economy. Advances in technology can start new industries, radically alter or destroy existing industries, and stimulate entirely separate markets. The rapid rate at which technology changes has forced organizations to quickly adapt in terms of how they develop, price, distribute, and promote their products. The four Ups of marketing are directly affected the moment a new sign is created. New technology is an ever- growing competitive industry based on consumer demand. Consumers want to do everything faster and easier, thus causing companies to combine their technologies into one product. The idea of multi-media device is not new, mobile phones have been able to make calls and access the internet for some years now. With the latest craze of listening to music outside of the car and Disdains becoming a history channel special, digital music; MPH has skyrocketed. With many Pads supporting a Windows based SO, consumers were able to buy a memory arid, load music, insert that into their phone, and listen via Windows Media player. The phone is different because it allows music to be stored directly onto either a 4 or KGB hard drive (Apple Inc. , 2014). The phone uses a new multi-touch display and new software so everything can be controlled by touch. It capabilities of listening to music and watching videos are amazing compared to standard software on Pads and other multi- media phones currently available. The phone capabilities are the same, you just simply touch a name and press call on the display, and there are no buttons to press. The internet allows you scroll web pages while downloading, just like a computer. However, in the international market, if Apple were to enter into Europe, they would be faced with a challenge of accommodating their technology. Rupees largest mobile phone service provider, Videophone, uses G/LISTS technology, which the phone does not support. Phone currently operates on GSM; however rumors have been spread about the possibility of Apple developing two versions of their phone. If a contract between Videophone and Apple was generated and the two versions of the phone were available for OTOH markets, the launch of the phone would be astounding. As technology is growing fast it is a big advantage for Apple because if it continue innovates like today it will be able to keep a pace of the high technology growth in the world. Increasing demand in technology can lead the company to new success. One of the biggest mobile wireless developments in 2008 was the increased availability of G mobile phones, such as Apples phone G. Moreover, Sprint is planning to offer a Woman based G services by 2009. Other mobile providers (including AT T, Verizon wireless, and T-Mobile) are currently purporting new Long Term Evolution (LET) G technology based on the SIMMS cellular standard. Chips are already developed that support both types of G networks and are expected to be included in Notebook computers, mobile phones, digital cameras and other consumer devices. Moreover, the mobile cloud is the recent trend, which includes not only giant carriers and Mobile device makers (Apple, Samsung), but also a full convergent of internet based companies and software giants (Amazon, Google, Face book, Microsoft and more). Apple launched cloud in October 201 1 and this new service stores music, applications, photos, calendars, intact, and documents and wirelessly pushes them to multiple ISO devices, Macs and Windows-based computers (Apple Annual Report, 2011 Apple Inc. Is on top of the market because of investing highly in research and product development. Moreover, innovation has shown big portion of this brand and has shown to pay out (Apple Inc. , 2014). B. Consumer buyer behavior (1500 words) What type Of buying decision is used for your product? Justify your answer by considering the level of involvement and other factors influencing this (10 marks) How might need recognition be triggered for your product? Explain how one factor influences this stage (1 0 marks) How could information search be undertaken for your product? Explain how one factor influences this stage (10 marks) Provide an example of a typical evoked set for your product and describe how alternatives could be evaluated for your product. Explain how one factor influences this stage (10 marks) How might the decision to purchase be made for your product? Explain how one factor influences this stage (ID marks) How might a consumer undertake post-purchase evaluation for your product? Explain how one factor influences this stage (10 marks) Studying consumer attitudes toward brands is of paramount important because thats what comes closest to revealing if a consumer intends to buy the brand in question. The Attitude toward object model is suitable for measuring attitude towards a product category or specific brands. According to this model, the consumers attitude toward a product/brand is a function of the presence (or absence) and evaluation of certain product-specific beliefs and/or attributes. That explains the number that turned up at various launches of the phone across the country. This also explained by the Attitude toward behavior model. This model is designed to capture the consumers attitude toward behaving or acting with respect to an object rather than the attitude toward the object itself. The appeal of this model is that it seems to correspond somewhat more closely to actual behavior than the attitude toward object model. Now this where Apple fails. There are 5 important steps that a consumer makes before they decide upon purchasing a product or using a service. What goes on in their head? Understanding these processes will help with developing marketing strategies targeted to the consumer. Brand awareness plays a huge role in the consumer decision making process. When consumers show an interest in buying a certain product, many of them will follow a decision making process which follows the next steps: problem recognition (unsatisfied need), information search, evaluation of expected outcome, purchase, post- purchase behavior. This process is a guideline for studying the way consumers make decisions, but it is important to remember that they can abandon the whole idea at any stage, and they do not necessarily continue with this decision making process up to a purchase. Consumer behavior is influenced by many things, including environmental and marketing factors, he situation, personal and psychological factors, family, and culture. Businesses try to figure out trends so they can reach the people most likely to buy their products in the most cost-effective way possible. Businesses often try to influence a consumers behavior with things they can control such as the layout of a store, music, grouping and availability of products, pricing, and advertising. While some influences may be temporary and others are long lasting, different factors can affect how buyers behave whether they influence you to make a purchase, buy additional products, or buy nothing at all. The first stage in the buying decision is problem recognition. Problem recognition occurs when a consumer is faced with an unsatisfied need (the need for a more convenient mode of communication) and desires a fulfilled outcome that satisfies this need. Problem recognition is triggered by either external stimuli (advertisements) or internal stimuli (hunger or thirst). Consumers can recognize unfulfilled wants in several ways, for example when an old product is not performing as well as it should, or when consumers are made aware of a new technology that will enhance their current product experience. The core off marketers goal is to make consumers aware of possible unsatisfied needs, and to show the consumer how the product or service will fulfill that need. Look at how Steve Jobs came along with the phone. No one needed it, but he made sure that the phone was something that everyone needed to have. Human beings are social, and they need people around them to interact with and to discuss various issues in order to reach better solutions and ideas. We learned that these social factors typically consist of the consumers small groups, their family, and their social roles and status. We also learned about social roles such as Initiators, Influences, Deciders, Buyers, and Users. These roles play a part within social groups consisting of friends and families in aggravating a buyers hunger for a certain product. The second stage in the buying decision is the search for information and the organization of this information within the individuals frame of reference. The information search involves exposure to different sources, such as promotional material and displays of the product, actively researching the product, or relying on historic information in the consumers mind, such as reconciled ideas about a product or a previous experience (good or bad) with such a product (our personal and psychological factors). Affecting consumer buyer behavior, Psychological Factors, are the consumers own personality is constructed by the unique psychological characteristics that create relatively consistent, lasting behavior in response to their own environment. These characteristics include Self Concept, Motivation and the five motivational needs, Perception, Learning, and Beliefs and Attitudes. In Summary, all Of these factors and stimuli illustrate an important point: nonusers are complicated. Not all buying decisions rely this heavily on the gathering of information, and the extent to which a consumer conducts an information search depends largely on the perceived risk of the purchase. When we are confronted with a decision, emotions from previous, related experiences affix values to the options we are considering. These emotions create preferences which lead to our decision. We are capable of rationally processing information about alternative choices; but were unable to make decisions because they lacked any sense of how they felt about the options. However, for consumers, perhaps the most important characteristic of emotions is that they push us toward action. In response to an emotion, humans are compelled to do something. In a physical confrontation, fear forces us to choose between fight or flight to insure our self-preservation. In our daily social confrontations, insecurity may cause us to buy the latest phone to support our positive self-identity. The third stage of the decision making process, is the evaluation of expected outcome. The consumer is now ready to make a decision based on all the information gathered, and those discarded. The consumer has now developed a set of criteria against which he will base this decision, and will most likely be able to narrow his search down to only a few products. The goal of the marketing manager is to determine which attributes of a product will convince a consumer to buy it. Recent studies have shown that attributes which plays on emotions (such as perceived trustworthiness, perceived comfort, perceived excellence or perceived status) are the ones that weighs the heaviest in decision making processes. This stage of the decision making process is critical, because many consumers are not able to make a rational session by weighing up alternatives, and if they have reached this stager the more emotional consumer has reached an uncritical blindness in which they become obsessed with buying the product. The next step in the decision making process is to purchase the product. The consumer has decided which product to buy, or not to buy anything at all. If he decides to make a purchase, the next step in the process is an evaluation of the product after the purchase. While demographic variables such as income, education, and marital status are important, we will look at gender, age, and stage of life and how they influence purchase decisions. Men and women need and buy different products. They also shop differently and in general, have different attitudes about shopping. You know the old stereotypes. Men see what they want and buy it, but women try on everything and shop till they drop. Theres some truth to the stereotypes. Interestingly the process does not stop at the point of purchase because there is a stage five called the post-purchase evaluation. The process continues even when the product or service is being consumed by the individual or business. So if it doesnt meet your needs or solve your problem o can take action to improve the product or service. Your actions at this point might inform other potential buyers who would be keen to hear about your experiences. The level of satisfaction that the consumer will experience will depend largely on how many of his expectations were met. Lets look at an example based upon buying a new Phone. The first stage is likely to be that you have a need for communication or access to the Internet, or problem because you cannot interact with friends using social media. So the second stage is where you speak to your friends and surf the Internet cooking at alternatives, which represent stage two or your information search. As a buyer you might visit a local phone store and speak to the sales staff to help you complete stage three, I. E. Your evaluation of alternatives. Stage four is the selection of product and you go and make your final decision and buy your Phone from a local store or using an e-commerce website. Stage five involves your post-purchase evaluation whereby you use the phone and have a positive, negative or mediocre experience of the product. If it doesnt satisfy your needs you take action and more importantly youll tell ethers of your problems. If youre pleased with the product, you will tell your friends and this will influence stage two (their information search) when they decide to buy an Phone.